CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: Slovakia and Slovenia Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD BSE SCRAPIE TSE Prion Update 2019

Analysis of 22 years of surveillance for prion diseases in Slovenia, 1996 to 2017

Nuška čakš Jager1 , Mara Popović2 , Mateja Blaško Markič1 and Alenka Kraigheralenka.kraigher@nijz.si1 Volume/Issue: Volume 57: Issue 4 First Online: 01 Oct 2018 Page Count: 227–233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0028 Open access Abstract

References

Article Recommendations Abstract Introduction The objective was to present the results of surveillance of prion diseases in Slovenia that was established in 1996 and then to assess the interdisciplinary approach according to the algorithm of case management and reporting data to the National Register at the National Institute of Public Health.

Methods A descriptive study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) recorded in the period from 1996 to 2017 was carried out.

Results A total of 123 cases of prion disease were notified between 1996 and 2017. Out of these, 68 were recorded and confirmed by autopsy as sporadic CJD with an average incidence rate of 1,5 cases per million population per year. In one case a gene analysis showed mutation E200K in prion protein gene, PRNP. Two cases of the Gerstman-Sträussler Scheinker syndrome and one clinical case of fatal insomnia with new PRNP mutation, N181S, were notified. Diagnostic value of protein 14-3-3 analysis in the liquor reached 82% sensitivity and 71% specificity. 25 cases of notified clinically possible/probable CJD were disproved after autopsy. In eleven notified possible CJD cases the autopsy had not been performed. Variant CJD has not yet been proven in Slovenia.

Conclusion Incidence rates were comparable with other European countries. Completeness of reporting and proper management of CJD cases according to the algorithm of reporting, management and case confirmation would need some improvement. A well-functioning surveillance system, including timely notifications, would enable an appropriate epidemiological investigation and an effective response to public health risks, thus the awareness of prion diseases should not decline.

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5 Conclusion The surveillance system for CJD in Slovenia provides essential data for response at the emergence of a potential risk to public health. The results of the first Slovenian national CJD surveillance system analysis showed that there are still many challenges in improving the present system, especially in compliance with legislation with regards to the timeliness and completeness of the CJD cases reporting, assuring of post-mortem confirmation of the disease, interdisciplinary collaboration and communication that the nature of the disease dictates. There is a need for standardized comprehensive management of patients with CJD regardless of the size of the region, which will ensure access to the health care service, appropriate diagnosis, patient treatment and care. The introduction of a regular epidemiological survey of each confirmed case of prion diseases can contribute to appropriate public health preventive measures and response, if needed. Due to the challenging confirmation of the disease during the patient’s lifetime and of the non-mandatory tracking and reporting of the disease in some countries, the number of reported cases of prion diseases around the world is probably still underestimated.

Functioning surveillance systems for human and animal prion diseases and preparedness to respond to public health risk is important because of the sources of the infection in animals, the potential risk for transmission of prions with blood, blood products and medical procedures, and, last but not least, because of known prevalence of vCJD prions in the UK (30).

Undoubtedly, it would be wise to improve and maintain existing structures for surveillance of human prion diseases in Slovenia. The evaluation of prion disease control in a wider context and debates at European level and beyond would be an important step in this public health issue.

Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; prion diseases; surveillance; epidemiology; Creutzfeldt-Jakobova bolezen; prionske bolezni; spremljanje; epidemiologija

https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/sjph/57/4/article-p227.xml

SUNDAY, MARCH 11, 2018

High Incidence of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Slovenia in 2015: A Case Series

http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/high-incidence-of-sporadic-creutzfeldt.html

Cent Eur J Public Health 2018, 26(Supplement):S37-S41 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5277

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Eastern Slovakia from 2004 to 2016

Eva Feketeová1, Dominika Jarčušková1, Alžbeta Janáková2, Eva Rozprávková3, Zlatica Cifráková4, Silvia Farkašová-Inaccone5, Kvetoslava Rimárová6, Erik Dorko6, Zuzana Gdovinová1 1 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovak Republic 2 Department of Prion Diseases, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 3 1st Private Hospital Košice-Šaca, Košice, Slovak Republic 4 Department of Neurology, Louis Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovak Republic 5 Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic 6 Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic

Objectives: An extraordinary incidence of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) appearing in clusters in the Slovak Republic was described in the 1990's. The aim of the study was to analyse data of CJD cases obtained from surveillance in Eastern Slovakia (ES) (2004-2016), the region outside the described geographical clusters.

Methods: The database set in the project was the source for epidemiological and clinical analysis of CJD cases.

Results: The incidence of CJD in ES (2004-2016) was 1.7/million person-years (95% CI 1-2.4); the incidence increase in the last five years (2012-2016) was comparable to the whole country. Twenty seven of 29 reported CJD cases were available for analysis (mean age 59 years, F/M 15/12). The proportion of gCJD (E200K mutation) cases remained dominant (78%), with 9 familiar cases originating in 4 families. Analysis of the clinical features revealed shorter duration of the symptomatic phase in sporadic CJD (sCJD) (3.4 months) versus gCJD (5.15 months). Cognitive/behavioural changes, insomnia, and sensory disturbance were more pronounced in the early symptoms of gCJD. Periodic EEG discharges were more frequent in sCJD (83%) than gCJD (56%), all 19 available MR findings were CJD specific and localisation of abnormalities varied amongst the CJD forms.

Conclusions: The surveillance of CJD in ES (2004-2016) showed an increased incidence of CJD in ES, reaching the incidence rate of the whole country, with a permanent proportion of 70% gCJD cases based on the E200K mutation. Clinical, electrophysiological and MR features of sCJD and gCJD cases were in conformity with already published data. Epidemiological analysis of CJD in ES shows increasing detection of CJD but also suggests that current routine surveillance systems for CJD may underestimate the true burden of disease, especially sporadic cases in Slovakia.

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DISCUSSION The incidence of the CJD in ES from 2004 to 2016 was 1.7/million person-years (95% CI 1–2.4), showing an incidence increase and reaching the incidence rate of the whole country in 2012–2016. The genetic form constituted 78% of the cases and 38% of gCJD were familial cases. There was no gender predisposition. Twenty seven of 29 CJD cases were available for analysis (mean age 59 years, F/M 15/12). Genetic analysis of gCJD cases revealed the presence of E200K mutation (100%). At the time of fully expressed clinical signs all the patients showed cognitive deficit and/or behavioural changes and/or changes in level of consciousness. Patients with gCJD suffered from insomnia, seizures and sensory disturbance, while those with sCJD did not. In the onset symptoms, patients with gCJD showed earlier cognitive deficit and/or behavioural changes, while patients with sCJD experienced extrapyramidal signs, ataxia and cortical symptoms. Objective cognitive testing was not available in patients with speech disturbance or those with progressed clinical deterioration on the level of akinetic mutism. This fact explains the surprising number of patients who did not have dementia listed among their recorded clinical symptoms even during the fully clinically expressed stage of the disease. All MR findings in sCJD patients revealed specific abnormalities, 83% of EEG results were specifically abnormal. Disease specific findings on MR and EEG were less frequent in gCJD cases.

Slovakia has been participating in the European network Euro CJD since 1993 with six other European countries (Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Nederland, and UK) secondarily expanded to other European and non European countries such as Spain, Canada and Australia. Pooled data from the member states between 1999 and 2002 revealed a mortality rate 1.67 per million for all cases and 1.39 per million for sporadic CJD. Mortality rates were similar in all countries. There was heterogeneity in the distribution of cases by etiologic subtype with an excess of genetic cases in Italy and Slovakia (9, 10). The growth trend in Slovakia shown in the presented study did not change in following years and gCJD with the E200K mutation exceed up to 78% of cases, with an incidence in 2012–2016 of 2.2/million person-years (95% CI 0.8–3.6). Tested family members in the affected families showed 35% presence of the E200K mutation with gene penetrance 59.5% in a study by Mitrova (4). There are several possible explanations for the increased incidence of CJD in recent years: systematic and more sensitive surveillance based on communication with referring neurologists, and laboratory tests with a wide spectrum of biomarkers in rapid progressive dementia have raised awareness and clinical interest in CJD. Changes in population demographics with an increase in the numbers of individuals in the age cohorts with a high incidence of CJD could participate in the increase. The overall growth of CJD incidence in ES, the region outside the described Slovak clusters, and genetic proportion of CJD do not support the role of metal environmental cofactors (8) in the incidence rates.

The observed distribution of the M129V polymorphism with a high proportion of M/M homozygotes (80% in sCJD, 71% in gCJD) in the presented study indicates a considerably nonspecific CJD-risk in the general population of Slovakia. In contrast to the increased number of gCJD cases in eastern Slovakia there is a decreasing number of sCJD cases. This fact raises the suspicion that a lot of cases have not been identified despite increasing awareness and improved diagnostic methods in Slovakia. Mitrova et al. (6) suggest that undiagnosed sCJD cases and asymptomatic ‘‘healthy’’ carriers of the gCJD cases left without active surveillance would further increase the risk of iatrogenic CJD. This risk is further exacerbated in a situation where there is no official database of positive tested living siblings for the transplantation registries in Slovakia.

Clinical features of E200K gCJD frequently overlap with that of sCJD although the less frequent prominent insomnia and polyneuropathy in our cohort of gCJD have also been observed by Kovacs (10). In contrast with Bertoni et al. (11) and Kovacs et al. (10) we did not find supranuclear palsy as a prominent symptom in any gCJD case in the retrospective data.

EEG has been considered a hallmark of CJD for many years. PSWC occur in EEG recordings of about two-thirds of patients with sCJD (12, 13) as in our sample. Fulbright et al. (14) detected from brain MR the involvement of the caudate nucleus in 80% of the patients and putamen in 73% of familial CJD (fCJD) patients as consistent with our study, and the overall involvement of deep gray matter in CJD cases. Appel et al. (15) hypothesized that the finding of a high frequency of isolated deep gray matter rather than cortical involvement per MR in E200K fCJD patients may explain the low frequency of PSWC they detected, considering the presumed cortical origin of the PSWC. The involvement of the cortex in MR studies of our sample of gCJD was lower than in sCJD and could not explain the lower prevalence of PSWC in gCJD. It could be hypothesized that the gCJD patients with longer survival rates were diagnosed earlier especially because of the 43% of familial cases, and that the EEG was false negative in the earlier stage. The limited number of patients and repetitions of EEGs in the study did not allow us to differentiate the EEG pattern according to the stage of the disorder. No isolated cortical involvement was found among sCJD patients in our study as opposed to 36% of patients in Kandiah’s study (16) and 41.7% in Shiga’s study (17). All available MR scans (70%) after reevaluation were CJD specific.

The main limitations of the presented study are: missing autopsy in 17% of the cases, limited genetic testing (available testing of the single PRPN mutation) and missing data in some cases. Systematic studies of EEG and MRI findings with disease progression would reveal if a lateralised finding (tricky in the early clinical phase) is merely an early sign or a part of the specific CJD phenotype.

CONCLUSION

As there are no specific therapeutic and prophylactic interventions available for prion diseases, active surveillance is critical for the control and prevention of human prion diseases. Epidemiological analysis of CJD cases in the years 2004–2016 in ES suggests that current routine surveillance systems for CJD may underestimate the true burden of disease, with special concern as regards sCJD. Awareness of the clinical signs of CJD and recognition of the different diagnostic tests available, including routine autopsy in acute/subacute dementia syndromes, creation of a database of positive tested “healthy family members” for transplantation registries and genetic counselling of affected families would be important steps for reduction of further transmission of CJD in Slovakia.

Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, epidemiology, E200K mutation, genetic CJD, sporadic CJD

https://cejph.szu.cz/pdfs/cjp/2018/88/06.pdf

Subject:

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Slovenia from 1985 to 2003 with pronounced increase between January 2001 and December 2003

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"Terry S. Singeltary Sr."

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

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Mon, 11 Oct 2004 15:36:16 -0500

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##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################

1: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Aug 31;116(15-16):524-9.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Slovenia from 1985 to 2003.

Popovic M, Glavac D, Smerkolj S, Svigelj V, Kalan G, Galvani V, Cernilec M, Bresjanac M.

Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. mara.popovic@mf.uni-lj.si

AIM: The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and subsequent emergence of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have raised great public concern, initiating improved and prospective surveillance of human prion diseases in Europe and all over the world. This report briefly presents the epidemiology, clinical data, neuropathology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and prion-protein gene analysis of Slovenian cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from January 1985 to the end of 2003.

MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS: During the 19-year period, 39 suspected cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were referred and 22 were confirmed. The prion-protein gene was analyzed in 12 of the confirmed cases and the protein glycosylation pattern in 11. There was a low average incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (0.5/million) throughout the surveillance period, but a pronounced increase between January 2001 and December 2003 (to 1.9/million/year). A high female to male ratio (2.5/1) was noted. All of the confirmed cases were defined as sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on the clinical data, neuropathological findings, glycosylation pattern, and gene analysis. All tested cases had a type-2 glycosylation pattern; eleven of the twelve tested patients were homozygous at codon 129 of the prion-protein gene (1 VV and 10 MM) and one was heterozygous.

CONCLUSION: The small number of Slovenian cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease during the last 19 years has shown a pronounced increase in incidence, reflecting improved surveillance, and a high female to male ratio, where female cases are more than twice as numerous as male cases.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15471179

################# BSE-L-subscribe-request@uni-karlsruhe.de #################

Cathala et al. (9) reported that at least three ancestors of a family with 14 cases of CJD were shepherds. Most of the family had lived in the same farming region for generations. Mayer et al. (14) noted that sheep raising is traditional in the region where a Slovakian CJD cluster occurred. One patient, a 57-year-old female raised sheep for 12 years prior to onset of CJD and admitting eating raw sheep brain (Orolin D. et al., personal communication, 1978). Lo Russo et al. (15) reported that the places of origin of seven out of eight patients with CJD coincided with the distribution of sheep raised in Central and Southern Italy. Libya has one of the highest rates of consumption of sheep and mutton per capita in the world (16), and Libyan immigrants to Israel were found to have more than 30 times the rate of CJD as immigrants to Israel from other countries (17). Thus, some available data suggest a link between CJD and sheep exposure. However, more direct data relating sheep contact and consumption in CJD patients and controls are needed.

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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/1/145.full.pdf+html

http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/1/149.full.pdf

http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/epidemiologic-critique-of-creutzfeldt.html

European Journal of Epidemiology

April 2000, Volume 16, Issue 4, pp 353–355 | Cite as

Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease in health professionals in Slovakia

Eva MitrováGirma Belay

Abstract Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is the most important human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease), recognised in sporadic, genetic but also iatrogenic forms. The identification of 8 health care workers in a group of 114 definitive CJD patients in Slovakia suggested the possibility of professionaly acquired CJD and induced the investigation of potential endo- and exogenous risk factors. In CJD-affected health professionals special attention was paid to a detailed occupational history, including a possible professional contact with CJD patient and to the findings characteristic for iatrogenic CJD: early cerebellar symptomatology, long duration of the disease, absence of typical EEG finding and homozygosity of PRNP gene at codon 129. Analysis of epidemiological, clinical and molecular biological data in investigated group of CJD-affected health professionals gave no evidence of an occupational risk for CJD.

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Health professionals Iatrogenic

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1007601313133

ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION

O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations

Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases).

Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods.

*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,

***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),

***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),

***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.

We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.

===============

***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***

===============

***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.

==============

https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf

***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efﬁciency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efﬁciency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.

***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.

***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20

PRION 2016 TOKYO

Saturday, April 23, 2016

SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016

Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online

Taylor & Francis

Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts

WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential

Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,

Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a

"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France

Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.

To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.

These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.

Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.

Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.

These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20

***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $

5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man.

***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.

***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.

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R. BRADLEY

https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf

Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period)

*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.

*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.

*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160

***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***

Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period

Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation

snip...

In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573

Literature reviews Reported sCJD in health professionals Individual occupational profiles of reported healthrelated professionals with sCJD are outlined in Table 3. The data are derived from 12 studies, three of which were case–control studies. In these 12 studies, a total of 66 health workers with sCJD were reported, at least eight of whom were physicians [4,5,8-12,17,20- 23]. One report described genetic CJD with phenotype resembling sCJD in three Slovakian health workers (two nurses and one dermatologist) with a mutation in codon 200 of the PRNP gene [11].

https://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V17N15/art20144.pdf

TUESDAY, JUNE 23, 2009

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Inspection 2009 Slovenia and Bulgaria

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2009/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Slovenia

Impact Worksheet, November 23, 2001

Summary: In Slovenia, BSE was confirmed in a five-year old domestically bred cow; this is the first case of BSE in that country. Slovenia identified the cow as a suspected BSE case during mandatory prionic testing in slaughter cattle. The Ljubljana, Slovenia National Veterinary Institute confirmed the BSE test through histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations on 16 November. Positive results were corroborated by the Institute of Animal Neurology at the University of Bern in Switzerland on 20 November.

In December 1997, APHIS prohibited the importation of live ruminants and most ruminant products from all of Europe including Slovenia. In December 2000, import restrictions regarding BSE were expanded by prohibiting all imports of rendered animal protein products, regardless of species, from Europe. Slovenia had less than 0.1 percent of the world’s stocks in cattle, goats, and sheep in 2000 . Slovenia’s meat exports were minimal, and destination countries for the live animal exports were not specified. Slovenia exported meat and bone meal to Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia in 1999. The US imported no products from Slovenia during 2000 or 2001 that would be of risk for BSE transmission. In 1998, the US imported small quantities of animal feeds from Slovenia, however, it is not known if these feeds contained ruminant materials. The infected cow came from a farm in northeast Slovenia.

BSE Slovenia How extensive is the outbreak of BSE in Slovenia?

BSE has been confirmed in a five-year old cow in Slovenia on 16 November. This is the first case of BSE in Slovenia, and the cow was domestically bred. Slovenia first identified the cow as a suspected BSE case during routine and mandatory Western blot prionic testing for BSE in slaughter cattle. The Ljubljana, Slovenia National Veterinary Institute and the Institute of Animal Neurology Laboratory in Switzerland confirmed the BSE test. The infected cow came from a small, extensive farm with nine animals in the Zgornja Savinsjka valley in northeast Slovenia. Veterinary authorities immediately isolated the farm and banned all movement of animals to and from the farm.

Source: Reuters; AgWorldwide Internet news; OIE Weekly Disease Information Reports, 16 and 23 November 2001

What actions has Slovenia taken to protect its livestock from BSE?

Slovenia has a national BSE testing program in place, feeding of meat and bone meal is banned,, and bovine product imports have been restricted. Use of meat and bone meal has been banned since 1996 as a feed for ruminants, and for non-ruminants since late 2000.

Beginning February 2001, quick post mortem prionic testing for all slaughtered animals has been mandatory in Slovenia for all slaughtered animals older than 30 months. In January 2000, Slovenian authorities had conducted 700 histological tests after reports of BSE in Germany and Italy. In February 2000, the government was reportedly performing 250 prionic tests daily. In 1996 a policy of random testing for animals older than 36 months was introduced. Since 1992, Slovenia has routinely performed pathohistologic analysis of bovine brains for cattle exhibiting clinical signs of a central nervous system malady.

Since 1991, Slovenia has incrementally added to the list of European countries from which it bans imports of live bovine animals, semen and embryos, meat products, gelatin, collagen, raw materials for pharmaceutical use, and other bovine products:

Imports banned from

Beginning in year

United Kingdom

1991

Ireland, Switzerland, France, Portugal

1996

Belgium, Netherlands

1998

Germany

2000

Italy

2001

Source: USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report #SI1001, March 27, 2001

What is Slovenia’s production and trade in affected animals and animal products?

Slovenia's stocks of cattle, goats and sheep were less than 0.1 percent of world stocks in 2000 (Table 1). Imports of cattle were 0.35 percent of the world export trade in 1999, but goat and sheep imports were both less than 0.1 percent. Cattle imports were exclusively from Central and Eastern Europe and Hungarian imports dominated the Slovenian market. Slovenia exported only 19 metric tons of cattle in 1999; the number of live animals in this figure was not available. Goat export values were not available, and sheep exports were less than 0.1 percent of world sheep exports.

Table 1. Slovenia’s live animal stocks and exports and imports of live animals.

Live Animal

2000 Stocks

Trade

1999 Exports

1999 Imports

Head

% World

Head

% World

Head

% World

Cattle

Goats

Sheep

Slovenian production was less than 0.1 percent of the world's production of beef and veal and mutton and lamb in 2000 (Table 2). Slovenia imported less than 0.1 percent of the world's beef and veal and mutton and lamb in 1999. Slovenia also imported 121 metric tons of meat and bone meal from Austria in 1999. Slovenia exported beef and veal in 2000, accounting for 0.2 percent of world exports; destinations of the beef and veal exports were not specified. Slovenian exports of meat and bone meal in 1999 totaled 1,527 metric tons to Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia. Information on goat imports and exports was not available.

Table 2. Production and trade in relevant products by Slovenia.

Products

2000 Production

Trade

1999 Exports

1999 Imports

Metric ton

% World

Metric ton

% World

Metric ton

% World

Beef and Veal

Mutton and Lamb 1

Source: United Nations FAO ; USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report #SI1001, March 27, 2001

1 Sheep were included in Table 1 and Table 2 as ‘affected’ because USDA/APHIS includes all ruminants and ruminant products in its restrictions pertaining to BSE. Goat production and trade information was unavailable.

What are the U.S. imports of affected animals or animal products from Slovenia?

In 2001, 2000 and 1999, no affected animals or animal products were imported from Slovenia. In 1998, the only affected product imported into the US from Slovenia was 260,000 kg of "Preparations Used in Animal Feedings, Not Otherwise Specified." It is not known whether this feed contained ruminant materials.

Source: World Trade Atlas

Did the US have restrictions on ruminant imports from Slovenia prior to this case?

In December 1997, APHIS prohibited the importation of live ruminants and most ruminant products from all of Europe including Slovenia until a thorough assessment of the risks of introduction of BSE into the US could be made. Prior to December 1997, import restrictions were applied only to those countries which had reported cases of BSE in native animals. Also, importation of ruminant meat from BSE-affected countries was permitted if the meat was deboned and free of visually identifiable lymphatic and nervous tissue and if it met other restrictions. Import regulations enacted December 1997 extended the import restrictions to countries which had not had a declared BSE case, yet had risk factors for BSE occurrence.

These regulatory changes also removed provisions that allowed importation of ruminant meat from the restricted countries, and thereby prohibited importation of ruminant meat from all Europe. These import restrictions also applied to bone meal, blood meal, meat meal, offal, fat, glands, and serum from ruminants . In December 2000, APHIS expanded its import restrictions regarding BSE by prohibiting all imports from Europe of rendered animal protein products, regardless of species.

Source: USDA, APHIS, VS

What is the level of passenger traffic arriving in the United States from Slovenia?

There were no direct flights from Slovenia to the US in fiscal year 2000.

APHIS-PPQ’s agriculture quarantine inspection monitoring sampled 27 air passengers from Slovenia for items of agricultural interest in fiscal year 2000. One of these 27 passengers was carrying two kilograms of a meat item that could potentially harbor pathogens that cause BSE . This passenger arrived to Elizabeth, New York, in June 2000 and declared no intention to visit a farm or ranch in the US.

Source: US Department of Transportation, and APHIS-PPQ Agricultural Quarantine Inspection data base

CEI’s plans for follow up:

Prior to CEI’s January 2002 quarterly summary of disease events October-December 2001, CEI will review any further developments in this Slovenian outbreak.

If you need more information or wish to comment, you may reply to this message or contact Jennifer Grannis at (970) 490-7844 or David Cummings at (970) 490-7895 .

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_emerging_issues/sa_impact_worksheets/sa_foreign/ct_bse_slovenia1101/!ut/p/z1/jVLLboMwEPyWHDjC2jxNbxChJlWaSiSE4EsF4akCRoQGpV9f00iV2hSoLyuvZzw7uwsUjkDr8FJkYVewOiz5PaD66-ZFXWJ7h3h0bGQ5rvHsOGsZuTL4kwCsAB1_fiT3_MNK54C9t98SbK9N-X98NHIsNMc_QGBDUH9sN2k2Y8a9FTOh5QOd0vtqxy_Avd85kYAXaYxawir4lyLpwatZW_EJ7oYfm1MRQ6BqaSxrkS4q2DRFNYxVMSJxKpoq1lONICPBOqwQPE2aGIa-_G4ZxQM8K1l02xarjhTC022SJm3SSu8tT-dd15wfBCSgvu-ljLGsTKQTqwT0FyVn5w6OP5HQVJ7n1VfxzSX9Ps1LclXKzFosPgHSbeec/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/impactworksheets/iw_2001_files/foreign/bse_slovenia1101.htm

Europe BSE continues to be present in much of Europe. In the first part of 2003, cases were identified in Great Britain, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain; all of these countries reported BSE in 2002. Several other European countries with cases reported in 2002 have not reported numbers yet for 2003. Source: OIE

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/Q12003.pdf

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2009/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

Table 3. Results of the GBR assessments through 2005

GBR I: Highly unlikely

Argentina (I), Australia (I), Iceland, New Caledonia, New Zealand (I), Panama (I), Paraguay (I), Singapore, Uruguay (I), Vanuatu

GBR II: Unlikely but not excluded

Botswana (I), Brazil (I), Colombia, Costa Rica (II), El Salvador (I), India, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia (I), Nicaragua (I), Nigeria, Norway (I), Pakistan, Sweden (II). Swaziland (I)

GBR III: Likely but not confirmed or confirmed at a lower level A

lbania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile (I), Croatia, Denmark, Canada (II), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Poland, The Netherlands, Romania, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, USA (II)

GBR IV: Confirmed at a higher level

Portugal, United Kingdom

http://ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1000e/a1000e00.pdf

Table 3. Results of the GBR assessments through 2005

GBR I: Argentina (I), Australia (I), Iceland, New Caledonia, New Zealand (I), Highly unlikely Panama (I), Paraguay (I), Singapore, Uruguay (I), Vanuatu

GBR II: Botswana (I), Brazil (I), Colombia, Costa Rica (II), El Salvador (I), Unlikely but not excluded India, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia (I), Nicaragua (I), Nigeria, Norway (I), Pakistan, Sweden (II). Swaziland (I)

GBR III: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile (I), Likely but not confirmed or Croatia, Denmark, Canada (II), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, confirmed at a lower level Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Poland, The Netherlands, Romania, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, USA (II)

GBR IV: Portugal, United Kingdom Confirmed at a higher level

http://www.fao.org/3/a1000e/a1000e02.pdf

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 9 August 2013 amending Decision 2007/453/EC as regards the BSE status of Costa Rica, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the United States (notified under document C(2013) 5160) (Text with EEA relevance) (2013/429/EU)

http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/eur126796.pdf

when the BSE GBR risk assessments were replaced with the BSE MRR policy, the BSE MRR policy was just a legal tool to trade all strains of the BSE TSE Prion disease legally. when the proverbial mad cow shoe was put on the other foot i.e. when the USA documented it's first case back around Christmas of 2003, the rules changed, hell, politics and trade changed science, and the tse prion was made a legal trading commodity...imo...terry

SUNDAY, JUNE 25, 2017

PRION 2017 P124 The Present Romanian Epidemiological Context With Regard To The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-p124-present-romanian.html

Terry S. Singeltary Sr. 6/23/09

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Inspection 2009 Slovenia and Bulgaria

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2009/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/ljubljana-slovenia-first-mad-cow.html

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 2015

Ljubljana Slovenia First Mad Cow Disease Case in Eight Years Confirmed

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/ljubljana-slovenia-first-mad-cow.html

>>> It is distinct from atypical BSE, which may develop spontaneously, according to information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

THIS IS A MYTH $$$

***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***

FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$

***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40 cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries, about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS

Sunday, October 5, 2014

France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html

Thursday, March 24, 2016

FRANCE CONFIRMS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE MAD COW (ESB) chez une vache dans les Ardennes

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html

***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***

FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/05/france-confirms-case-of-classical-mad.html

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 04, 2019

POLAND DETECTS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION

Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss

https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-detects-bovine-spongiform.html

MONDAY, JUNE 19, 2017

PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT P61 vCJD strain properties in a Spanish mother and son replicate as those of a young UK case

http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-p61-vcjd.html

FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2019

Spain Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Confirmed

https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019

BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html

Age at Death of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Subsequent Family Generation Carrying the E200K Mutation of the Prion Protein Gene

Maurizio Pocchiari , Anna Poleggi, Maria Puopolo, Marco D’Alessandro, Dorina Tiple, Anna Ladogana Published: April 2, 2013https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060376

Abstract

Background

The E200K mutation of the prion protein gene (PRNP) is the most frequent amino acid substitution in genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and is the only one responsible for the appearance of clustered cases in the world. In the Israel and Slovakian clusters, age of disease onset was reduced in successive generations but the absence of a clear molecular basis raised the possibility that this event was an observational bias. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible selection biases or confounding factors related to anticipation in E200K CJD patients belonging to a cluster in Southern Italy.

Methods

Clinical and demographical data of 41 parent-offspring pairs from 19 pedigrees of the Italian cluster of E200K patients were collected. Age at death of parents was compared with age at death of E200K CJD offspring. Subgroup analyses were performed for controlling possible selection biases, confounding factors, or both.

Results

The mean age at death/last follow-up of the parent generation was 71.4 years while that of CJD offspring was 59.3 years with an estimated anticipation of 12.1 years. When the same analysis was performed including only parents with CJD or carrying the E200K mutation (n = 26), the difference between offspring and parents increased to 14.8 years.

Conclusions

These results show that early age at death occurs in offspring of families carrying the E200K PRNP mutation and that this event is not linked to observational biases. Although molecular or environmental bases for this occurrence remain unsettled, this information is important for improving the accuracy of information to give to mutated carriers.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0060376

OR, WHAT ABOUT MAD COWS WITH H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge, AND humans there from???

''Atypical BSE is different, and it generally occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater. It seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.''

FALSE!

''The primary source of infection for classical BSE is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent, such as meat-and-bone meal containing protein derived from rendered infected cattle. Regulations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have prohibited the inclusion of mammalian protein in feed for cattle and other ruminants since 1997 and have also prohibited high risk tissue materials in all animal feed since 2009.''

FALSE!

oh what webs of deceit we weave, when all we do is practice to deceive $$$

LET'S REVIEW RECENT AND PAST SCIENCE THAT SHOWS THE ABOVE TWO STATEMENTS ARE FAR FROM TRUE;

PRION 2018 CONFERENCE

P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge

Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.

reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;

***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route.

***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.

PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT

https://prion2018.org/

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018

***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html

PLOS ONE Journal

IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure

Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT

***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.

***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.

*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***

http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610

*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;

http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143

*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***

Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan.

*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.

*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***

see page 176 of 201 pages...tss

P.9.21

Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada

Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada

Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle.

Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.

Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.

Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.

*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.

http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf

the peer reviewed of the above study was apparently watered down and parts about feed was removed. sad how science is manipulated by corporate interest. now we know that atypical L-type and atypical H-type are both transmissible by oral routes and are both capable of being transmissible by feed. what a wasted piece of scientific literature with that cut of science. i don't understand why the authors allowed such a cut. this study went from this before peer review ;

*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.

to this after peer review;

While the C-type BSE cases that occurred as part of the outbreak in the U.K., Europe, Japan and Canada were believed to be caused by the consumption of contaminated feedstuffs [24], the origins of H- and L-type BSE are unknown. It has been speculated that atypical BSE may be sporadic or genetically caused, and indeed, strong evidence for a causative role of high-penetrance genetic mutations has been found in at least one case [25]. Either cause could be linked to the origin of C-type BSE but the question of origin may never be definitively answered [23].

Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada

Sandor Dudas, Jianmin Yang, Catherine Graham, Markus Czub, Tim A. McAllister, Michael B. Coulthart, Stefanie Czub Published: May 14, 2010https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010638

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010638

so sad corporate science and usda inc and the oie are so powerful they can flat influence science...humans and animals lose...terry

SATURDAY, MARCH 2, 2019

MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE AND THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS OF BSe Science $$$

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html

Prion 2018 Conference

P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge

This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.

Prion 2018 Conference

https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf

USA MAD COW CASE 2018 FLORIDA

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018

JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html

ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION

O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations

Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,

***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),

***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),

***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.

We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.

===============

***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***

===============

***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.

==============

https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf

***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.

***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20

PRION 2016 TOKYO

Saturday, April 23, 2016

SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016

Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online

Taylor & Francis

Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts

WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential

Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,

Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a

Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.

These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20

***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $

5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man.

***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.

***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.

snip...

R. BRADLEY

https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf

Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period)

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160

Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period

Abstract

Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.

SNIP...

Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.

The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.

We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.

Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.

The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.

Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.

Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.

Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.

Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018

Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update

http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html

Saturday, December 15, 2018

***> ADRD Summit RFI Singeltary COMMENT SUBMISSION BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, AND HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE December 14, 2018

https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html

SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 2019

Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html

***> FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 MAD COW USA FLASHBACK Texas Style

FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018

https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html

THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 2019

MAD COW USDA DISEASE BSE TSE Prion

https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015

Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened

HOW TO COVER UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS

http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html

http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html

http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018

OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA

''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''

well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.

The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html

Saturday, July 23, 2016

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016

http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

Tuesday, July 26, 2016

Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html

Monday, June 20, 2016

Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program

http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html

Wednesday, January 23, 2019

CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019

https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html

MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

Saturday, June 25, 2011

Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque

"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html

PRION 2018 CONFERENCE

P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge

reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;

***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route.

***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.

PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT

https://prion2018.org/

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018

Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html

MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017

Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle

CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017

*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article

TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018

USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM

http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018

USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html

***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE

Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada

Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.

***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE.

We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.

https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf

***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.

P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification

Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama

National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan

To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).

Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.

Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.

https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf

P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion

***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion

Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada

Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC

The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.

The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.

Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html

Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1*

Abstract

In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.

In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf

A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.

snip...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full

The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.

see ;

http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/

CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm

PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE

Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM

"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."

OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;

Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain

http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf

IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved...

Monday, May 05, 2014

Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html

Friday, December 5, 2014

SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html

O.4.3

Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission

Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany

Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).

Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.

Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.

Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.

Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.

P.4.23

Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models

Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA

Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.

Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.

Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.

Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.

BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.

The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.

Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.

http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf

P03.137

Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC

Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan

Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.

P04.27

Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route

Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany

Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.

Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.

Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).

Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.

Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.

The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf

Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.

http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf

WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.

look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;

Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates

Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.

snip...

BSE bovine brain inoculum

100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg

Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)

Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)

RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)

PrPres biochemical detection

The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.

Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula

Published online January 27, 2005

http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa

It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleyâ€™s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.

http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf

it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.

http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf

http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf

SATURDAY, MARCH 2, 2019

MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE AND THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS OF BSe Science $$$

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html

I ask Professor Kong ;

Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM

Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment

IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....

Professor Kong reply ;

.....snip

As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.

Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

P.4.23 Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models

Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.

Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.

Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.

Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.

http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf

see full text ;

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html

Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle

CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017

*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article

P04.27

Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route

Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany

Background:

In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.

Aims:

The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.

Methods:

Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).

Results:

In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.

Conclusions:

Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian v CJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.

The work referenced was performed in partial fulfillment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).

http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf

Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.

http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf

look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;

Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates

Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.

snip...

BSE bovine brain inoculum

100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg

Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)

Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)

RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)

PrPres biochemical detection

The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was

inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of

bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.

Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula

Published online January 27, 2005

http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa

Calves were challenged by mouth with homogenised brain from confirmed cases of BSE. Some received 300g (3 doses of 100g), some 100g, 10g or 1g. They were then left to develop BSE, but were not subjected to the normal stresses that they might have encountered in a dairy herd. Animals in all four groups developed BSE. There has been a considerable spread of incubation period in some of the groups, but it appears as if those in the 1 and 10g challenge groups most closely fit the picture of incubation periods seen in the epidemic. Experiments in progress indicate that oral infection can occur in some animals with doses as low as 0.01g and 0.001g. .........

http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/pathog.html#dose

It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.

http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf

6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.

http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022724/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf

IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,

http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf

MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019

BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html

kind regards, terry